A smartphone is a mobile / cell phone built on a mobile operating system (OS), with some more advanced computing capability and connectivity than a regular featured phone. The first smartphones combined the functions of a personal digital assistant (PDA) with a mobile phone. Later models added the functionality of portable media players, low-end compact digital cameras, pocket video cameras, and GPS navigation units to form one multi-use device. Many modern smart-phones also include high-resolution touch-screens and web browsers that display standard web pages as well as mobile-optimized sites. High-speed data access is provided by Wi-Fi and mobile broadband.
The mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern smartphones include Google's Android, Apple's iOS, Nokia's Symbian, RIM's BlackBerry OS, Samsung's Bada, Microsoft's Windows Phone, Hewlett-Packard's webOS, and embedded Linux distributions such as Maemo and MeeGo. Such operating systems can be installed on many different phone models, and typically each device can receive multiple OS software updates over its lifetime. A few other upcoming operating systems are Mozilla's Firefox OS, Canonical Ltd.'s Ubuntu Phone, and Tizen.
A little about the history of Smart-Phones:
Origin of the term “Smart-Phone”:
Although devices combining telephony and computing were conceptualized as early as 1973 and were offered for sale beginning in 1994, the term "smartphone" did not appear until 1997, when Ericsson described its GS 88 "Penelope" concept as a "Smart Phone".
The distinction between smartphones and feature phones can be vague, and there is no official definition for what constitutes the difference between them. One of the most significant differences is that the advanced application programming interfaces (APIs) on smartphones for running third-party applications can allow those applications to have better integration with the phone's OS and hardware than is typical with feature phones. In comparison, feature phones more commonly run on proprietary firmware, with third-party software support through platforms such as Java ME or BREW. An additional complication is that the capabilities found in newer feature phones exceed those of older phones that had once been promoted as smartphones. Some manufacturers and providers use the term "super-phone" for their high end phones with unusually large screens and other expensive features. Other commentators prefer "phablet" in recognition of their convergence with low-end tablet computers.
History in the early years:
In 1973, Theodore George “Ted” Paraskevakos patented the concepts of combining intelligence, data processing and visual display screens with telephones, outlining the now commonplace activities of banking and paying utility bills via telephone. The first cellular phone to incorporate PDA features was an IBM prototype developed in 1992 and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers on 16 August 1994 by BellSouth under the name IBM Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though that term was not yet coined.
In 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000, part of the Nokia Communicator line which became their best-selling phone of that time. It was a palmtop computer-style phone combined with a PDA from HP. In early prototypes, the two devices were fixed together via a hinge in what came to be described as a clamshell design. When opened, the display of 640×200 pixels was on the inside top surface and with a physical QWERTY keyboard on the bottom. Email and text-based web browsing was provided via the GEOS V3.0 operating system.
In the late 1990s though, the vast majority of mobile phones had only basic phone features so many people also carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, BlackBerry OS or Windows CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into mobile operating systems and power some of the high-end smartphones. In early 2001, Palm, Inc. introduced the Kyocera 6035, the first smartphone in the United States. This device combined a PDA with a mobile phone and operated on the Verizon Wireless network. It also supported limited web browsing. The device was not adopted widely outside North America.
In 2004, HP released the iPaq h6315, a device that combined their previous PDA, the HP 2215 with cellular capability.
Mobile Operating systems:
Symbian:
The Nokia N8 smartphone is the first device to run on the Symbian-3 mobile operating system and the first smartphone to feature a 12 megapixel autofocus lens. Smbian is a mobile operating system designed for smartphones originally developed by Psion and later passed to and managed by Symbian Ltd. but currently maintained by Accenture. The Symbian platform is the successor to Symbian OS and Nokia Series 60. The latest version, Symbian3, was officially released in Q4 2010 and first used in the Nokia N8.
Windows Mobile:
Windows Mobile was based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system. Throughout its lifespan, the operating system was available in both touchscreen and non-touchscreen formats. It was supplied with a suite of applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API and was designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows. Third parties could develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft. Software applications were eventually purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service's brief lifespan. The image below is a Windows Mobile 5.0 operating system based DoPod 900 aka HTC Universal Smartphone.
BlackBerry:
In 1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, making secure real-time push-email communications possible on wireless devices. Services such as BlackBerry Messenger and the integration of all communications into a single inbox allowed users to access, create, share and act upon information instantly. There are 80 million active BlackBerry service subscribers (BIS/BES) and the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped in September 2012 (twice the number since June 2010). Popular models include the BlackBerry Bold, BlackBerry Torch (slider and all-touch) and BlackBerry Curve.
Android operating system:
Android is an open-source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung etc), that form the Open Handset Alliance. The first phone to use Android was released in October 2008. It was called the HTC Dream and was branded for distribution by T-Mobile as the G1. The software suite included on the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web browser. On June 24, 2011, the HTC EVO 3D was released by the HTC Corporation, a smartphone which can produce stereoscopic 3D effects and take 3D stereoscopic photos for viewing on its screen. Samsung Galaxy S III sales hit 18 million in the third quarter of 2012. On November 13, 2012 Google and LG released the Nexus 4 with Qualcomm's Snapdragon S4 Pro processor. The image below is the HTC Dream smartphone.
iOS:
In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the original iPhone, one of the first mobile phones to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, and/or keypad as typical for smartphones at the time. It initially lacked the capability to install native applications, meaning some did not regard it as a smartphone. However in June 2007 Apple announced that the iPhone would support third-party "web 2.0 applications" running in its web browser that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface. A process called jail-breaking emerged quickly to provide unofficial third-party native applications to replace the built-in functions (such as a GPS unit, kitchen timer, radio, map book, calendar, notepad, and many others). The below image is a First generation Apple iPhone (int. June, 2007)
Windows Phone:
On February 15, 2010, Microsoft unveiled its next-generation mobile OS, Windows Phone 7. Microsoft's mobile OS includes a completely over-hauled UI inspired by Microsoft's "Metro Design Language". It includes full integration of Microsoft services such as Microsoft SkyDrive and Office, Xbox Music, Xbox Video, Xbox Live games and Bing, but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google accounts. The new software platform has received some positive reception from the technology press and has been praised for its uniqueness. On October 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows Phone 8, a new generation of the operating system. Windows Phone 8 replaces its previously Windows CE-based architecture with one based on the Windows NT kernel with many components shared with Windows 8, allowing applications to be easily ported between the two platforms. Below is a Windows Phone device produced by Nokia, the Lumia 800
Palm OS:
In late 2001, Handspring launched their own Springboard GSM phone module with limIn early 2002, Handspring released the Palm OS Treo smartphone, utilizing both a touch screen and a full keyboard that combined wireless web browsing, email, calendar, and contact organizer with mobile third-party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer. Handspring was soon acquired by Palm, which released the Treo 600 and continued, although the series eventually took on Windows Mobile. The below image is a Palm OS based smartphone was the Palm Centro.
Bada:
The Bada operating system for smartphones was announced by Samsung on 10 November 2009. The first Bada-based phone was the Samsung Wave S8500, released on June 1, 2010, which sold one million handsets in its first 4 weeks on the market. Samsung shipped 3.5 million phones running Bada in Q1 of 2011. This rose to 4.5 million phones in Q2 of 2011. In 2013, Bada has merged with a similar platform called Tizen. The future of its development is unknown.
Open-source development:
The open-source culture has penetrated the smartphone market in several ways. There have been attempts to create open source hardware and software for smartphones. In February 2010, Nokia made Symbian open source. Thus, most commercial smartphones were based on open-source operating systems. These include those based on Linux, such as Google's Android, Nokia's Maemo, Hewlett-Packard's webOS, and those based on BSD, such as the Darwin-based Apple iOS. Maemo was later merged with Intel's project Moblin to form MeeGo. On the 2nd of January, Canonical, best known for its Ubuntu desktop and Smart TV operating systems, announced a mobile version of its operating system, built for both smartphones and tablets. Its design is based on the desktop equivalent and features such as gesture-based navigation.
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source: wikipedia.
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Before laptop / notebook computers were technically feasible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. What was probably the first portable computer was the Xerox NoteTaker, again developed at Xerox PARC, in 1976. However, only 10 prototypes were built.
Osborne1:
An opened, Osborne 1 computer ready for use. The keyboard sits on the inside of the lid.
The first mass-produced microprocessor-based portable computer was the Osborne 1 in 1981, which used the CP/M operating system. Although it was large and heavy compared to today's laptops, with a tiny 5" CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their computer and data with them for the first time. This and other "luggables" were inspired by what was probably the first portable computer, the Xerox NoteTaker. The Osborne was about the size of a portable sewing machine, and more importantly, could be carried on commercial aircraft.
Bondwell 2:
Although it wasn't released until 1985, well after the decline of CP/M as a major operating system, the Bondwell 2 is one of only a handful of CP/M laptops. It used a Z-80 CPU running at 4 MHz, had 64 K RAM and, unusual for a CP/M machine, a 3.5" floppy disk drive built in. It had an 80×25 character-based LCD mounted on a hinge similar to modern laptops, one of the first computers to use this form factor.
Other CP/M laptops:
The other CP/M laptops were the Epson PX-4 (or HX-40) and PX-8 (Geneva), the NEC PC-8401A, and the NEC PC-8500. These four units, however, utilized modified CP/M systems in ROM, and did not come standard with any floppy or hard disks.
Compaq Portable:
A more enduring success was the Compaq Portable, the first product from Compaq, introduced in 1983, by which time the IBM Personal Computer had become the standard platform. Although scarcely more portable than the Osborne machines, and also requiring AC power to run, it ran MS-DOS and was the first true legal IBM clone (IBM's own later Portable Computer, which arrived in 1984, was notably less IBM PC-compatible than the Compaq.
Epson HX-20:
Another significant machine announced in 1981, although first sold widely in 1983, was the Epson HX-20. A simple handheld computer, it featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, a small (120×32-pixel) dot-matrix LCD display with 4 lines of text, 20 characters per line text mode, a 24 column dot matrix printer, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, and 16 KB of RAM (expandable to 32 KB).
GRiD Compass:
However, arguably the first true laptop was the GRiD Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979-1980, and released in 1982. Enclosed in a magnesium case, it introduced the now familiar clamshell design, in which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard. The computer could be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel electroluminescent display and 384 kilobyte bubble memory. It was not IBM-compatible, and its high price (US$8,000–10,000) limited it to specialized applications. However, it was used heavily by the U.S. military, and by NASA on the Space Shuttle during the 1980s. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned significant returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by the Tandy (now RadioShack) Corporation.
Dulmont Magnum/Kookaburra:
Another contender for the first true laptop was the Dulmont Magnum, designed Barry Wilkinson and Terry Crews Engineering Manager at Dulmison in 1982 and released in Australia in 1983 It included an 8x80 display in a lid that closed against the keyboard. It was based on the MS-DOS operating system and applications stored in ROM (A:) and also supported removable modules in expansion slots (B: and C:) that could be custom programmed EPROM or standard word processing and spreadsheet applications. However, the Magnum had no nonvolatile memory, but could suspend and retain memory in RAM, including a RAM Disk (D:). A separate expansion box provided dual 5.25" floppy or 10MB hard disk storage. Dulmont was eventually taken over by Time Office Computers, who marketed the Magnum internationally in 16 and 25 line LCD versions, and also introduced the brand name Kookaburra to emphasize its Australian origins.
Ampere:
The Ampere, a sleek clamshell design by Ryu Oosake, also made in 1983. It offered a MC68008 microprocessor dedicated to running an APL interpreter residing in ROM.
Tandy Model 100:
The TRS-80 Model 100 was an early portable computer introduced in 1983. It was one of the first notebook-style computers, featuring a keyboard and LCD display, battery powered, in a package roughly the size and shape of notepad or large book. It was made by Kyocera, and originally sold in Japan as the Kyotronic 85. Although a slow seller for Kyocera, the rights to the machine were purchased by Tandy Corporation, and the computer was sold through Radio Shack stores in the United States and Canada as well as affiliated dealers in other countries, becoming one of the company's most popular models, with over 6,000,000 units sold worldwide. The Olivetti M-10 and the NEC PC-8201 and PC-8300 were also built on the same Kyocera platform.
Sharp and Gavilan:
Two other noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 and the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a "laptop". It was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel above the keyboard. Like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, although primarily running their own system software. Both had LCD displays, and could connect to optional external printers. The Dulmont Magnum, launched internationally in 1984, was an Australian portable similar in layout to the Gavilan, which used the Intel 80186 processor.
Kyotronic 85:
The year 1983 also saw the launch of what was probably the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85. Owing much to the design of the previous Epson HX-20, and although at first a slow seller in Japan, it was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, who recognized its potential and marketed it respectively as the TRS-80 Model 100 line (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, and NEC PC-8201. The machines ran on standard AA batteries. The Tandy's built-in programs, including a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were supplied by Microsoft, and are thought to have been written in part by Bill Gates himself. The computer was not a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8 line × 40-character LCD screen above a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it was a highly portable communications terminal. Due to its portability, good battery life (and ease of replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as little as US$300), the model was highly regarded, becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed less than 2 kg with dimensions of 30×21.5×4.5 centimeters (12×8½×1¾ in). Initial specifications included 8 kilobytes of RAM (expandable to 24 KB) and a 3 MHz processor. The machine was in fact about the size of a paper notebook, but the term had yet to come into use and it was generally described as a "portable" computer.
Commodore SX-64:
The Commodore SX-64, also known as the Executive 64, or VIP-64 in Europe, was a portable, briefcase or suitcase-size "luggable" version of the popular Commodore 64 home computer, and was the first full-color portable computer. The SX-64 featured a built-in five-inch composite monitor and a built-in 1541 floppy drive. It weighed 20 pounds. The machine was carried by its sturdy handle, which doubled as an adjustable stand. It was announced in January 1983 and released a year later, at $995 USD.
Kaypro 2000:
Possibly the first commercial IBM-compatible laptop was the Kaypro 2000, introduced in 1985. With its brushed aluminum clamshell case, it was remarkably similar in design to modern laptops. It featured a 25 line by 80 character LCD display, a detachable keyboard, and a pop-up 90 mm (3.5 inch) floppy drive.
IBM PC Convertible:
Also among the first commercial IBM-compatible laptops was the IBM PC Convertible, introduced in 1986. It had a CGA-compatible LCD display and 2 floppy drives. It weighed 13 lbs.
Toshiba T1100, T1000, and T1200:
Toshiba launched the Toshiba T1100 in 1985, and has subsequently described it as "the world's first mass-market laptop computer". It did not have a hard drive, and ran entirely from floppy disks. The CPU was a 4.77 MHz Intel 80C88, a variation of the popular Intel 8088, and the display was a monochrome, text-only 640x200 LCD. It was followed in 1987 by the T1000 and T1200. Although limited floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in ROM, the Toshiba models were small and light enough to be carried in a backpack, and could be run from lead-acid batteries. They also introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines: the computer could be paused between sessions without having to be restarted each time.
US Air Force:
The first laptops successful on a large scale came in large part due to a Request For Proposal (RFP) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987. This contract would eventually lead to the purchase of over 200,000 laptops. Competition to supply this contract was fiercely contested and the major PC companies of the time; IBM Corporation, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in an attempt to win this deal. ZDS, which had earlier won a landmark deal with the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drives, a backlit, blue and white STN LCD screen, and a NiCd battery pack. Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20 MB hard disk drive. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988. ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo in the design and manufacturing of these laptops. This relationship is notable because it was the first deal between a major brand and an Asian original equipment manufacturer.
Cambridge Z88:
Another notable computer was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. About the size of an A4 sheet of paper as well, it ran on standard batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. It anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer, and as a ROM-based machine with a small display, can — like the TRS-80 Model 100 — also be seen as a forerunner of the personal digital assistant.
Compaq SLT/286:
By the end of the 1980s, laptop computers were becoming popular among business people. The COMPAQ SLT/286 debuted in October 1988, being the first battery-powered laptop to support an internal hard disk drive and a VGA compatible LCD screen. It weighed 14 lbs.
NEC UltraLite:
The NEC UltraLite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the first notebook computer, weighing just over 2 kg (4.4 lbs). In lieu of a floppy or hard drive, it contained a 2 megabyte RAM drive, but this reduced its utility as well as its size. Although portable computers with clamshell LCD screens already existed before it, the Ultra-lite was the first computer in a notebook form-factor. It was significantly smaller than all portable computers that came before it. People can actually carry-it like a notebook and fold its clamshell LCD like a book cover over the rest of its body.
Apple Macintosh Portable:
The first Apple Computer machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh Portable (although an LCD screen had been an option for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). Unlike the Compaq LTE laptop released earlier in the year the Macintosh Portable was actually a "luggable" not a laptop, but the Mac Portable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, but was a poor seller due to its bulk. In the absence of a true Apple laptop, several compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were available for Mac users; however, for copyright reasons, the user had to supply a set of Mac ROMs, which usually meant having to buy a new or used Macintosh as well.
Apple Powerbook:
The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are now de facto standards on laptops, such as room for a palm rest, and the inclusion of a pointing device (a trackball). The following year, IBM released its ThinkPad 700C, featuring a similar design (though with a distinctive red TrackPoint pointing device). Later PowerBooks featured optional color displays (PowerBook 165c, 1993), and first true touchpad (PowerBook 500 series, 1994), first 16-bit stereo audio, and first built-in Ethernet network adapter (PowerBook 500, 1994).
IBM RS/6000 N40:
In 1994, IBM released the RS/6000 N40 laptop based on a PowerPC microprocessor running the AIX operating system, a variant of UNIX. It was manufactured by Tadpole Technology (now Tadpole Computer), who also manufactured laptops based on SPARC and Alpha microprocessors, the SPARCbook and ALPHAbook lines, respectively.
Windows 95 operating system:
The summer of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of notebook computing. In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows 95. It was the first time that Microsoft had implemented the advanced power management specification with control in the operating system. Prior to this point each brand used custom BIOS, drivers and in some cases, ASICs, to optimize the battery life of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial in the eyes of notebook designers because it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; however, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing certain aspects of notebook design.
Intel Pentium processor:
Windows 95 also ushered in the importance of the CD-ROM drive in mobile computing, and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor as the base platform for notebooks. The Gateway Solo was the first notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. Also featuring a removable hard disk drive and floppy drive, the Solo was the first three-spindle (optical, floppy, and hard disk drive) notebook computer, and was extremely successful within the consumer segment of the market. In roughly the same time period the Dell Latitude, Toshiba Satellite, and IBM ThinkPad were reaching great success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the corporate market.
1994:
Netscape Navigator introduced. Web traffic rises 300,000 percent as sites come online.
1995:
Intel announces introduction of Universal Serial Bus, USB 1.0, Windows 95 incorporates advanced power management for laptops to conserve battery life. Worldwide laptop sales reach 10 million units. IBM ThinkPad 701, the “Butterfly.” Innovative keyboard expands keys beyond the body; keyboard folds in when lid closes. New York’s Museum of Modern Art includes it in its design collection.
1996:
First hardware with USB, not fully supported by Windows. Gateway Solo 2100: First Pentium laptop, first “three spindle” machine, with floppy, hard disk, CD-ROM. USRobotics introduces 56 kilobit modem.
1997:
First Toshiba Portege, the 300CT, has Pentium power, color screen, hard disk, good battery life in 3.25 pound package.
1998:
Windows 98 supports USB; has automatic device recognition. Gateway Solo 9100: Heavy, rugged multimedia Pentium notebook with universal bays for CD, hard drive, floppy, batteries.
1999:
WiFi consortium creates standard. Laptop manufacturers use PCI slot to enable WiFi connectivity. Apple brands WiFi as AirPort, incorporates a slot into all of its laptops.
2000:
Windows 2000 gains industrial-strength reputation for robustness and security for corporate users. Global laptop sales reach 28.5 million units.
2001:
Mac OS X debuts. Windows XP debuts.
2002:
Tablet PCs from Compaq, Toshiba, HP, Acer, Fujitsu, NEC, Panasonic, others. Virtually all are convertibles, with keyboards. Toshiba Portege 2000 is world’s thinnest, lightest laptop to date, less than 3/4 inch at its thickest point. First 1.8 inch (20GB) hard disk. Fujitsu Lifebook P series is smallest machine with a CD-ROM; uses TransMeta Crusoe chip, another step towards modern netbooks.
2003:
Toshiba Portege M100 is first to adopt super-slim DVD drive. WiFi adapter/access point sales exceed 20 million per year.
2005:
Laptop computers outsell desktops for the first time. Worldwide laptop sales reach 66.3 million units. Lenovo purchases ThinkPad line from IBM.
2006:
WiFi adapter/access point sales exceed 50 million per year. Apple switches to Intel processors.
2008:
HP unveils the TouchSmart tx2 Notebook, first multi-touch notebook and tablet PC for consumers.
2007:
MacBook Air viewed by many as the first netbook. Worldwide laptop sales reach 126 million units.
2010:
HDMI ports become common on laptops. Worldwide laptop sales projected at 170 million units. Apple iPad introduced in that year.
source: wiki
Thanks a lot
other related posts in this blog:
A little about the History of Computer
About the History of Mobile / Cell Phone
Smartphones History - after 70s
Top 20 Smart Mobile Phones in the World
Ten Fastest SuperComputers in the World
Little about our own Solar System
NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Earth-Like-Planet
Largest Earth-Based Telescopes in the World
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Rushanara Ali is a British Labour Party politician and Associate Director of the Young Foundation, who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bethnal Green and Bow since 2010. She is currently part of the shadow team for the Department for International Development along with Tony Cunningham and led by Ivan Lewis.
Rushanara Ali was born in Bangladesh on 14 March 1975. With her family, Ali immigrated to the East End of London at the age of seven, where she attended Mulberry School for Girls and Tower Hamlets College. Growing up in Tower Hamlets, her father was a manual worker. The first in her family to go to university, Ali studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at St John's College, Oxford.
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This is a review post about the web portal of RushnaraAli, the below written has taken from the web portal: www.rushanaraali.org. Please for further details, you are requested to visit the portal.
Rushanara Ali was elected as the Member of Parliament for Bethnal Green and Bow at the UK General Election in May 2010. She moved to the UK with her family from Bangladesh when she was 7 years old. Her achievements are the achievements of teachers and youth workers at Mulberry School and Tower Hamlets College. It was their support and belief in her which led her to a place at Oxford University and jobs in Parliament, the Institute for Public Policy and Research, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Home Office and now as the MP for Bethnal Green and Bow.
Biography of Rushanara Ali:
Rushanara Ali is the Labour Member of Parliament for Bethnal Green and Bow. She was elected in May 2010 with a majority of 11,574, having defeated George Galloway’s Respect Party.
In October 2010, Rushanara was appointed to the Labor front bench as Shadow Minister for International Development. As part of this role she is the Labour spokesperson on International Development matters for Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, climate change, conflict and stabilisation as well as gender equality.
Prior to her election in May 2010, she was Associate Director of the Young Foundation. She previously worked at the Communities Directorate of the Home Office, leading a work programme in response to the 2001 disturbances in the North of England (2002-2005).
Rushanara has worked on human rights issues at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (2000-2001); as a Research Fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research (1999-2002) and as Parliamentary Assistant for Oona King, former MP for Bethnal Green & Bow (1997-1999).
She has also worked as the Research Assistant to Lord Young of Dartington (author of the 1945 Labour Party manifesto), helping him to set up Futureversity (formerly known as Tower Hamlets Summer University) and Language Line, a national telephone interpreting company.
Little about the Bethnal Green and Bow:
The heart of London’s East End, Bethnal Green and Bow is a wonderfully diverse community, with a rich and deep history and proud political heritage. The East End has inspired many men and women to make history and fight for social justice. Some of the greatest social reforms of the past 100 years- the trade union movement, Suffragettes and the welfare state have come from ideas inspired by the East End and it's people.
Bethnal Green and Bow is known for its vibrancy, its cultural activity, its places and its people. Whitechapel gallery, Columbia Road flower market, and Spitalfields market are just some of the places that attract thousands of locals and visitors from around the world.
Iconic places Brick Lane tell an extraordinary history of Britain. Brick Lane was the first place many waves of migrants called home, from the Huguenots, Jews, Irish, Pakistanis, Bengalis, to the Somalis to name just a few. The richness of contributions made by so many generations is manifested poignantly in the Brick Lane Jamme Masjid. Originally built by the Huguenots for Christian worshippers, it later became a synagogue and is now a mosque.
The spirit of people from the East End is steeped in courage and determination as well as sacrifice and loss. The worst civilian loss of life in Britain during the Second World War was the Bethnal Green tube disaster. On the 3rd March 1943, 173 people lost their lives in the Bethnal Green and Bow tube station whilst seeking shelter from air raids during the blitz bombings.
Thanks a lot, for further details please visit the website http://www.rushanaraali.org/.
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The Cell Phone / Mobile phone has become a crucial tool in our everyday life. We depend on it for nearly everything electronic, and we often have trouble knowing what to do without it.
The history of cell / mobile phones charts the development of devices which connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network. The transmission of speech by radio has a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links. Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky and consumed high power and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications.
In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on June 17, 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.
In the USSR, Leonid Kupriyanovich, engineer from Moscow, in 1957-1961 developed and presented a number of experimental models of handheld mobile phone. The weight of a latest model, presented in 1961, was only 70 g and it freely took place on a palm. However in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of automobile "Altai" phone was made.
The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first generation (1G) analog cellular network, second generation (2G) digital cellular networks, third generation (3G) broadband data services to the current state of the art, fourth generation (4G) native-IP networks.
Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On April 3, 1973 Martin Cooper, a Motorola engineer and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment in front of reporters, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Martin Cooper weighed 2.5 pounds and measured 9 inches long, 5 inches deep and 1.75 inches wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.
John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Martin Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.
Below are some images represents the history of Cell / Mobile Phones from 1973 – 2013:
1973:
The first public wireless phone call was made in 3rd April, 1973 by Martin Cooper of Motorola. Walking along in sixth avenue, New York he called Joel Engel (head of research, Bell Labs). The phone he used had the following features:
Weight: 2.5 pound
Length: 10 inches
Battery life: 20 minutes only.
1982:
Mobile phone opportunities opened up when the Federal Communications Commission approved the establishment of Mobile Telephone System and allocated analog frequencies use by the network.
1983: MOTOROLA Dynatac 8000X
The first Cellphone was sold to the public and really kicked things off. The MOTOROLA DYNATAC 8000X (nickname "The Brick") included the following features:
Twenty (20) large buttons
A long rubber antenna
Battery life: 30 minutes
Recharge time: 10 hours
1989: MTOROLA Microtac:
It was the first flip cell phone from Motorola. Over the years, we've seen the exponential increase in the cell phone's abilities, as its price continues to go down. Several attempts at fads didn't quite catch on. Yet, with each new device, the cell phone's evolution became faster and more sleek.
1993: IBM Personal Communicator:
This is the first Cell phone to have Smartphone capabilities.
1998: NOKIA 5110:
This handset was best remembered for the Game Snake and Colorful Snap-on covers. Talk time increased up to 3 hours.
2004: MOTOROLA RAZR V3:
Best remembered for ultra-thin design, talk time increases up to 7 hours.
2007: APPLE iPhone:
Best remembered for being a Game changer.
2013:
Lots of Smart-Phone from various manufacturers around the world, like Blackberry, Sony, LG, Apple, Samsung, Nokia, Symphony etc..
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